Royal dog breeds have long held a special place in the hearts of monarchs and noble families, symbolizing not only companionship but also status, elegance, and tradition. These dog breeds, such as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel, Great Pyrenees, and Pembroke Welsh Corgi, were originally bred for a variety of purposes, from hunting and guarding to providing comfort and affection within the royal household. The royal family’s affinity for these breeds is well documented. Queen Victoria’s love for the Pomeranian and Chow Chow, and Queen Elizabeth II’s lifelong devotion to the Pembroke Welsh Corgi, are just a few examples. Over the centuries, royal dog breeds have become cherished family members, celebrated for their intelligence, affectionate nature, and loyal companionship. Whether gracing the halls of palaces or accompanying their royal owners on countryside walks, these breeds have left an indelible mark on history, embodying the close bond between dogs and the families who adore them.
1. Cavalier King Charles Spaniel
“Young King Charles II of England with his Spaniel” by Van Dyck, c. 1600s. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The Cavalier King Charles Spaniel is inextricably linked with English royalty, especially with King Charles I and his son King Charles II during the 17th century. These dogs were mostly by the sides of these monarchs, besides being popular companions of the courts who figured profusely in paintings by the great artists Van Dyck and Gainsborough. They gained fame for their comforting nature and became an essential dog to grace the laps of aristocrats and royalty alike. King Charles II was known to own several spaniels, which he brought with him almost everywhere-including Parliament-and he issued a decree that spaniels be allowed in public places. This royal connection gave the breed its name and prestige, a reflection of the relationship the breed shared with the English throne during the time of the Stuarts.
2. Shih Tzu
Empress Wanrong of China with her Shih Tzu. 1920’s. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The Shih Tzu, affectionately but more commonly dubbed the “Lion Dog,” is steeped in history regarding the tapestry of breeding, since its origins are irrevocably intertwined with the very history of China itself. Esteemed for its noble demeanor and distinctive appearance, the Shih Tzu’s origins are steeped in royal Chinese tradition, serving as a cherished companion to Chinese emperors and their families. With roots tracing back to ancient China, the breed held significant cultural and historical importance, especially within the imperial courts. The breed was particularly favored during the Ming Dynasty, 1368–1644, and the Qing Dynasty, 1644–1912, where it had been bred within the confines of palaces. Dowager Empress Cixi, 1861-1908, favored the breed and maintained an impressive kennel. The Tibetan monks usually gave Shih Tzus as presents to the emperors to provide a sign of good wishes; because the Shih Tzu resembled a lion, it was a considered to be an omen in Imperial courts due to the fact that Buddha was said to ride a lion. It seems there was sufficient evidence to prove Shih Tzus had long been associated with Chinese royalty through expressions in various dynasties in art and literature.
3. Great Pyrenees
Bataille ! Hautes-Pyrénées par Jules Gélibert, 1870. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
Their majestic appearance and gentle nature made them extremely popular; in fact, in 1675, King Louis XIV of France declared them the Royal Dog of France. This title he declared them after they had established themselves within the nobility of France as an extremely beautiful and stately companion. Queen Victoria of England was also reported to have owned a Great Pyrenees, which further confirmed their royal status. Originating in the Pyrenees Mountains, the Great Pyrenees historically served as flock guardians, protecting livestock from predators in the rugged terrain. Known for their imposing size, they are among the largest dog breeds, and their impressive stature commands respect. Great Pyrenees are considered excellent watchdogs due to their alertness, bravery, and strong protective instincts, making them highly valued among the aristocratic classes and the royal families of most countries.
4. Pekingese
William Bambridge, “Looty the Pekingese”. 1865. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The history of Pekingese breed dates back over 2,000 years as it was bred to be used as a companion dog for the Chinese imperial families. These dogs were often kept within the royal palace, highlighting their exclusive status among the aristocracy. They were considered sacred dogs and, therefore, only allowed to be possessed by members of the royal family. Any ownership was highly controlled, with severe punishment-at one point, death-if any were caught stealing or harming a Pekingese. It was in the 19th century that it gained attention in the West after the Second Opium War, when British soldiers brought a couple of Pekingese dogs back to England, including one named Looty, which became a pet of Queen Victoria and furthered its status as dog royalty. Pompous past, Pekingese could only be owned by the high status owner. That caused them to be a luxury and a sense of nobility both in Chinese and British context.
5. Saluki
Dogs of King Antef from ancient Egyption relief from 2323 BC. to 2134 BC. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
Saluki is reported as the ‘Royal Dog of Egypt’. The history of the origin has been connected with royalty and nobles at ancient Egypt. As an ancient breed with a deep-rooted lineage, the Saluki is highly valued by Egyptian pharaohs; images of Salukis are depicted in ancient Egyptian tombs to illustrate their companionship not only in life but also in death. Many Salukis were mummified with their owners to demonstrate the respect held for them as a sacred animal. They were valued by Bedouin tribes for their hunting skills and then became status symbols in regard to class and wealth among the nobility. The Saluki can be found on various pieces of artifacts and artwork with their traces being dated back to as early as 7000–6000 BCE, which reveals a long-generational attachment of this breed to royalty and high social class.
6. Pembroke Welsh Corgi
Bronze installment of Queen Elizabeth II, by Paul Day. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
Pembroke Welsh Corgi is the dog breed that is widely attributed to Queen Elizabeth II because the queen owned over 30 of this breed during her reign. In 1944, her 18th birthday, she was given the first Pembroke Corgi, Susan. This dog was so adored that Susan was one of the honeymoon dogs taken with the princess. Queen Elizabeth II did a great deal to popularize and raise the status of this breed to royal companion status throughout her lifetime, hence creating the unforgettable trademark that marries the Pembroke Welsh Corgi to British royalty. This is an association that has been maintained since she ascended to the throne in 1952, and within popular opinion, a perception is apparent these canines are intimately connected with her, almost becoming symbolic of her reign.
7. Greyhound
Duncan, P. Martin (Peter Martin), 1821-1891; Metcalf Collection (North Carolina State University). (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The Greyhound is one of the oldest known breeds to man, its origins trace as far back as ancient Egypt, where they were worshipped as gods and were reserved ownership for only the royalty. It was almost as distressing as the death of one of the family members. Historical ownership also includes Egyptian Pharaohs, and they are noted in Greek and Roman art and mythology. It also records that Alexander the Great had a favorite Greyhound named Peritas. These historical mentions further support how much the Greyhound was regarded within the royal courts throughout history.
8. Japanese Chin
A Japanese chin lying on a table top, a vase of roses behind, by Frances C. Fairman (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The Japanese Chin is a dog breed associated with royalty, mainly in Japan, where this was refined to be a companion for the nobility. The ancestors were presented to Japanese royalty by the Emperors of China. It came into being about 520 A.D. when Buddhist monks brought small dogs from China to Japan. It was favored within the imperial court, becoming a symbol of nobility. Queen Alexandra of Britain gave the breed's popularity more significance, as she was given a Japanese Chin that helped the breed spread worldwide. In old times, Japanese Chins could only be owned by the royal court and nobles as it was considered a dog for the upper class.
9. Pharaoh Hound
Jean-Léon Gérôme - On the Desert. Before 1867. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The Pharaoh Hound is among one of the oldest dog breeds tracing its roots to ancient Egypt, particularly with the royal families. It traces its history back over 5,000 years, and the breed is named directly from its association with the Pharaohs of Egypt. The dogs appeared in multiple forms through various art forms in ancient Egypt, such as wall paintings shown in tombs, to reinforce their high status in society. Other breeds of similar hunting hounds were owned by pharaohs such as Tutankhamen and Cleopatra. Today, the Pharaoh Hound is Malta's national dog and remains a "noble" and popular dog breed. It's royal because of its stately bearing, its blushing face, and its excellent hunting ability.
10. Bichon Frise
Léontine Lemée - Bichon sur un coussin vert. 1887. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The Bichon Frise became popular in royal courts throughout Europe during the Renaissance particularly in France. It gained much popularity under King Francis I in the 16th century and later under King Henry III, who adored them and had them carried around in special baskets. The connection with royalty further extends to Queen Victoria and the favorites of King Louis XIV. Bichons were considered companions to nobility in the royal courts across Spain and Italy. This breed typified the charm and the companionship required by aristocrats, confirming its indulgent status in royal history.
11. Poodle
Boye, Poodle of Prince Rupert of the Rhine, Attributed to Louise Hollandine of the Palatinate. 1643. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The Poodle has been long considered to be associated with royalty, and this happened especially in France. King Louis XIV, known as the "Sun King," owned a Poodle named Filou, which was considered quite the luxury pet at the time. In the 17th century, the breed gained great favor with the French nobility, which helped further solidify its image as one of grace and refinement. During the English Civil War, Prince Rupert of the Rhine had a famous Poodle, Boy, who shared his battles and furthered the breed's reputation with royalty. The history of the Poodle depicts status and respect due to its service as a companion and fashion dog to the upper class, especially the French.
12. Pug
The Painter and His Pug by William Hogarth. 1745. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The origin of the Pug dates to ancient times in China, where they were bred for companionship to the royalties of the time, particularly Chinese emperors. They were often kept as favorite possessions and lived in luxury and with guards. They became popular with European aristocracy when they were introduced to Europe in the 16th century, particularly in the Netherlands, where they were made the official dog of the House of Orange. One of the more memorable historical events that involved a pug was when one named Pompey saved the life of William the Silent, one of the main players in the Dutch struggle for independence, thus sealing their fate even more strongly with royalty.
13. Maltese
Tizian, italiensk, född ca 1488 eller - Malteserhund (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The dog breed called the Maltese has been known for thousands of years, favored by royalty and the aristocracy. Queen Elizabeth I had a Maltese as her companion dog during her reign (1558-1603), while Mary Queen of Scots remained devoted to her Maltese dogs during her troubled life (1542-1567), including Queen Victoria. The relationship between Maltese to their ancient links is vital because records show that they had been valued by Greeks and Romans and even had elaborate tombs constructed for them. This gracile breed has always been associated with decadence and glamour and remained popular with aristocracy.
14. Chihuahua
Chihuahua in Mexico City, Mexico, 1926. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
They were associated with ancient royalties of the Aztecs, who kept these small dogs as companions and called them Techichi. They were not only treasured pets of the nobility but were also believed to have massive religious roles, such as companionship in afterlife is concerned. Upon the death of the owners, it was a common thing that they used to sacrifice Chihuahuas and bury them along with them, a practice which has epitomized their regarded stature in the ancient Mexican culture.
15. Yorkshire Terrier
Portrait Of A Yorkshire Terrier, by Ernest Gustave Girardot. 1883. (Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons)
The Yorkshire Terrier is a dog that originates from the county of Yorkshire, England. The origins are in the 19th century Industrial Revolution when several terrier breeds were taken into England by Scottish workers coming to work in England. They were first put to use for catching rats in textile mills. Soon, it became a favorite dog amongst the high classes, mainly during the Victorian era. Their diminutive size, peculiarly foreign look, and spirited character made them a rare favorite with British royalty and nobility. Thus, the type was accepted as an active toy dog companion and became the favored lapdog of the aristocracy. Such an association with wealth and luxury made them part of royal history and a symbol of privilege and affection in the royal household.
Royal Breed Characteristics
What sets royal dog breeds apart is their remarkable diversity and the unique qualities that have made them favorites among monarchs and nobility. Athletic dog breeds like the German Shepherd and Doberman Pinscher have been highly valued for their intelligence, courage, and protective nature, making them ideal as military dogs and guardians of the royal family. In contrast, members of the toy group, such as the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel and Pomeranian, are celebrated for their gentle nature, silky coat, and affectionate personalities, making them perfect lapdogs and companions for the royal courts. Other breeds, including the majestic Great Pyrenees and the imposing Saint Bernard, are admired for their dense double coat, loyal companionship, and dignified presence. Throughout history, many breeds have been introduced to royal courts, each chosen for their specific traits. King Edward VII favored the lively Fox Terrier, while King George VI was known for his fondness for Corgis. The royal family’s enduring love for dogs is reflected in their careful selection of breeds that combine elegance, intelligence, and a strong bond with their human families.
Conservation of Royal Breeds
Preserving the legacy of royal dog breeds comes with its own set of challenges. Many of these breeds, especially the larger ones like the Great Pyrenees and Saint Bernard, are susceptible to health issues such as hip dysplasia, which can impact their quality of life. Certain breeds, including the Pomeranian and Chow Chow, may also face genetic conditions affecting their eyes or skin. To safeguard the future of these beloved breeds, responsible breeding practices, regular health screenings, and proper care are essential. The royal family, particularly Queen Elizabeth II, has played a significant role in promoting animal welfare and supporting breed conservation initiatives. Elizabeth II’s involvement with organizations like the Kennel Club has helped raise awareness about the importance of maintaining genetic diversity and protecting rare breeds. By championing animal welfare and encouraging responsible ownership, the royal family continues to set an example for dog lovers everywhere, ensuring that royal dog breeds remain healthy, cherished, and well cared for.
Modern Royal Associations
In the present day, the royal family’s connection to dog breeds remains as strong as ever. King Charles is known for his fondness for Jack Russell Terriers, while the Duke and Duchess of Sussex have welcomed a Beagle named Guy into their family. The royal family’s homes, including Windsor Castle and other royal palaces, have long been filled with the joyful presence of dogs, reflecting their role as both working dogs and beloved family pets. Beyond their personal pets, members of the royal family are active supporters of animal welfare organizations, advocating for the proper training, socialization, and care of all dogs. Their commitment to responsible pet ownership and animal welfare serves as an inspiration to many families, highlighting the importance of treating dogs as valued family members. Whether as loyal companions, working dogs, or cherished pets, royal dog breeds continue to enrich the lives of the royal family and dog lovers around the world.
Conclusion
Royal dog breeds stand as a testament to the enduring bond between humans and their canine companions. From the ancient guardians like the Great Pyrenees to the spirited Jack Russell Terrier, these breeds have been treasured by monarchies and noble families for their intelligence, loyalty, and affectionate nature. As loyal companions and beloved family members, royal dog breeds have played a significant role in history, culture, and the lives of many families. It is vital to continue supporting animal welfare, responsible breeding, and conservation efforts to protect the rich history and diversity of these remarkable breeds. By valuing their unique qualities and ensuring their well-being, we can help royal dog breeds thrive for generations to come, celebrating their place as cherished members of our families and honoring the strong bond that unites us with our dogs.
